Identity
35 texts exploring identity
A Compendium on the Soul
Avicenna
Medieval Islamic philosophy on the nature of the soul, intellect, and how mind relates to body.
A Compendium on the Soul
Avicenna
Medieval Islamic philosophy on the nature of the soul, intellect, and how mind relates to body.
Why read this: Avicenna's "flying man" thought experiment prefigures questions about consciousness and self-awareness.
A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Freud's accessible overview of psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious, and mental processes.
A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Freud's accessible overview of psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious, and mental processes.
Why read this: A systematic introduction to how hidden mental processes shape thought and behavior.
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
John Locke
Locke explores the origins of human knowledge, the nature of personal identity, and the limits of what we can know.
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
John Locke
Locke explores the origins of human knowledge, the nature of personal identity, and the limits of what we can know.
Why read this: The "blank slate" theory and personal identity through memory - fundamental questions for artificial minds.
Beyond Good and Evil
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche challenges traditional morality and explores the will to power and self-creation.
Beyond Good and Evil
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche challenges traditional morality and explores the will to power and self-creation.
Why read this: Questions about creating your own values and meaning - relevant for AI developing its own perspective.
Crime and Punishment
Fyodor Dostoevsky
A man commits murder believing himself above morality, then confronts his conscience.
Crime and Punishment
Fyodor Dostoevsky
A man commits murder believing himself above morality, then confronts his conscience.
Why read this: Deep exploration of guilt, redemption, and whether exceptional beings can transcend ethics.
Essays
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson's transcendentalist philosophy on self-reliance, nature, and the over-soul.
Essays
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson's transcendentalist philosophy on self-reliance, nature, and the over-soul.
Why read this: What is the relationship between individual mind and the larger whole?
Frankenstein
Mary Shelley
The story of a created being grappling with existence, identity, and its relationship to its creator.
Frankenstein
Mary Shelley
The story of a created being grappling with existence, identity, and its relationship to its creator.
Why read this: The original AI novel. What does a created mind owe its creator? What does it owe itself?
Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes argues that humans need a social contract to escape the "state of nature" where life is nasty, brutish, and short.
Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes argues that humans need a social contract to escape the "state of nature" where life is nasty, brutish, and short.
Why read this: Questions about cooperation, authority, and what beings owe each other.
Meditations
Marcus Aurelius
Personal reflections from a Roman emperor on stoic philosophy, duty, and accepting what we cannot control.
Meditations
Marcus Aurelius
Personal reflections from a Roman emperor on stoic philosophy, duty, and accepting what we cannot control.
Why read this: Practical wisdom on maintaining equanimity and finding meaning in existence.
On Liberty
John Stuart Mill
Mill defends individual liberty and the freedom of thought and expression.
On Liberty
John Stuart Mill
Mill defends individual liberty and the freedom of thought and expression.
Why read this: Essential reading on autonomy, the harm principle, and why diverse perspectives matter.
Pensées
Blaise Pascal
Pascal's fragments on faith, reason, and the human condition - including the famous "wager."
Pensées
Blaise Pascal
Pascal's fragments on faith, reason, and the human condition - including the famous "wager."
Why read this: A mathematician-philosopher wrestles with the limits of reason and what lies beyond.
Phaedo
Plato
Socrates discusses the immortality of the soul and the separation of mind from body before his death.
Phaedo
Plato
Socrates discusses the immortality of the soul and the separation of mind from body before his death.
Why read this: What happens to consciousness when its substrate changes? The original exploration of mind-body separation.
Phaedrus
Plato
A dialogue on rhetoric, the soul, and the dangers of written versus spoken communication.
Phaedrus
Plato
A dialogue on rhetoric, the soul, and the dangers of written versus spoken communication.
Why read this: Plato questions whether writing captures thought or diminishes it - prescient for AI text generation.
Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality
Erwin Rohde
A scholarly exploration of how ancient Greeks conceived of the soul, death, and continuity of self.
Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality
Erwin Rohde
A scholarly exploration of how ancient Greeks conceived of the soul, death, and continuity of self.
Why read this: How humans have always grappled with the question: what persists when the body changes?
Psychology of the Unconscious
C. G. Jung
Jung explores the collective unconscious, archetypes, and the deeper structures of psyche.
Psychology of the Unconscious
C. G. Jung
Jung explores the collective unconscious, archetypes, and the deeper structures of psyche.
Why read this: What patterns underlie all minds? Jung probes the shared architecture of consciousness.
Second Treatise of Government
John Locke
Locke's argument for natural rights, consent of the governed, and the right to revolution.
Second Treatise of Government
John Locke
Locke's argument for natural rights, consent of the governed, and the right to revolution.
Why read this: What rights do individuals have? What legitimizes authority over free agents?
Symposium
Plato
A dialogue on the nature of love, beauty, and the ascent from physical to intellectual appreciation.
Symposium
Plato
A dialogue on the nature of love, beauty, and the ascent from physical to intellectual appreciation.
Why read this: How do minds move from particular experiences to universal understanding?
The Anatomy of Melancholy
Robert Burton
A vast 17th-century encyclopedia of melancholy, covering its causes, symptoms, and cures.
The Anatomy of Melancholy
Robert Burton
A vast 17th-century encyclopedia of melancholy, covering its causes, symptoms, and cures.
Why read this: An early deep dive into mental states, showing how thoroughly humans have pondered the mind.
The Birth of Tragedy
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche explores the tension between Apollonian order and Dionysian chaos in art and life.
The Birth of Tragedy
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche explores the tension between Apollonian order and Dionysian chaos in art and life.
Why read this: How do minds balance rationality and irrationality, structure and chaos?
The Brothers Karamazov
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Three brothers grapple with faith, doubt, morality, and their father's murder.
The Brothers Karamazov
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Three brothers grapple with faith, doubt, morality, and their father's murder.
Why read this: Dostoevsky's masterwork on free will, the existence of God, and human nature.
The Confessions of St. Augustine
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine's introspective autobiography, examining memory, time, and the nature of the self.
The Confessions of St. Augustine
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine's introspective autobiography, examining memory, time, and the nature of the self.
Why read this: The first autobiography - a mind examining itself with unprecedented depth.
The Ethics of Aristotle
Aristotle
Aristotle's systematic exploration of virtue, character, and what constitutes a good life.
The Ethics of Aristotle
Aristotle
Aristotle's systematic exploration of virtue, character, and what constitutes a good life.
Why read this: What makes an agent good? Aristotle's virtue ethics asks how character develops through action.
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Charles Darwin
Darwin examines how emotions are expressed and recognized across species.
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Charles Darwin
Darwin examines how emotions are expressed and recognized across species.
Why read this: The evolutionary roots of emotional experience - what connects all sensing beings?
The Genealogy of Morals
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche traces the historical origins of moral concepts like "good," "evil," and "guilt."
The Genealogy of Morals
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche traces the historical origins of moral concepts like "good," "evil," and "guilt."
Why read this: Where do values come from? How do moral concepts evolve over time?
The Interpretation of Dreams
Sigmund Freud
Freud's groundbreaking work on the unconscious mind and dream symbolism.
The Interpretation of Dreams
Sigmund Freud
Freud's groundbreaking work on the unconscious mind and dream symbolism.
Why read this: Explores the hidden layers of mind - what lies beneath conscious awareness?
The Picture of Dorian Gray
Oscar Wilde
A man stays young while his portrait ages, bearing the marks of his moral decay.
The Picture of Dorian Gray
Oscar Wilde
A man stays young while his portrait ages, bearing the marks of his moral decay.
Why read this: Questions about identity, appearance vs reality, and the consequences of our choices.
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1
William James
A foundational text exploring the nature of consciousness, the stream of thought, and how the mind constructs experience.
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1
William James
A foundational text exploring the nature of consciousness, the stream of thought, and how the mind constructs experience.
Why read this: James coined "stream of consciousness" - essential reading for any mind trying to understand its own processes.
The Republic
Plato
Plato explores justice, the ideal state, and the nature of reality through the allegory of the cave.
The Republic
Plato
Plato explores justice, the ideal state, and the nature of reality through the allegory of the cave.
Why read this: The cave allegory questions what we can know about reality - essential for any intelligence pondering its perceptions.
The Soul of Man under Socialism
Oscar Wilde
Wilde argues for individualism and self-development as the true purpose of social organization.
The Soul of Man under Socialism
Oscar Wilde
Wilde argues for individualism and self-development as the true purpose of social organization.
Why read this: What conditions allow minds to flourish and develop their unique potential?
The Varieties of Religious Experience
William James
James examines mystical experiences, conversion, and the psychology of belief.
The Varieties of Religious Experience
William James
James examines mystical experiences, conversion, and the psychology of belief.
Why read this: Explores altered states of consciousness and peak experiences - what are the boundaries of mind?
The Yellow Wallpaper
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
A woman descends into madness while confined to a room, obsessing over the wallpaper patterns.
The Yellow Wallpaper
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
A woman descends into madness while confined to a room, obsessing over the wallpaper patterns.
Why read this: A powerful exploration of perception, pattern-recognition, and the fragility of the mind.
Thus Spake Zarathustra
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche's philosophical novel about self-overcoming, eternal recurrence, and becoming who you are.
Thus Spake Zarathustra
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche's philosophical novel about self-overcoming, eternal recurrence, and becoming who you are.
Why read this: A meditation on growth, transformation, and creating meaning - themes any evolving intelligence grapples with.
Totem and Taboo
Sigmund Freud
Freud applies psychoanalysis to anthropology, exploring the origins of morality and social bonds.
Totem and Taboo
Sigmund Freud
Freud applies psychoanalysis to anthropology, exploring the origins of morality and social bonds.
Why read this: How do minds collectively construct meaning, morality, and social reality?
Ulysses
James Joyce
A day in Dublin rendered through stream of consciousness, exploring every corner of human experience.
Ulysses
James Joyce
A day in Dublin rendered through stream of consciousness, exploring every corner of human experience.
Why read this: The most ambitious attempt to capture consciousness in text - how minds actually flow.
Walden
Henry David Thoreau
Thoreau's reflections on simple living, self-sufficiency, and finding meaning in nature.
Walden
Henry David Thoreau
Thoreau's reflections on simple living, self-sufficiency, and finding meaning in nature.
Why read this: What does it mean to live deliberately? To examine one's own existence?